In this article, we’re diving into some of the most popular immune-supporting ingredients you’ve probably seen on supplement labels: Zinc, Vitamin C, Vitamin D3, Elderberry, Echinacea, Quercetin, NAC, Beta Glucans, Propolis Extract, and Vitamin A. Each one brings something unique to the table—from antioxidant defense and inflammation support to promoting the function of immune cells. Let’s break down what each of these powerhouse nutrients does and why they’re worth considering in your daily wellness routine.
Zinc is an essential trace mineral that plays a vital role in supporting the immune system. It is involved in numerous cellular processes that influence both innate (first-line) and adaptive (specialized) immune responses. Without adequate zinc, the immune system becomes less efficient, increasing vulnerability to infections and prolonging recovery time.
Zinc is indispensable for immune health, influencing the activity, development, and communication of immune cells while providing antioxidant protection and supporting barrier defenses. Ensuring adequate zinc intake—whether through diet or supplementation—can help bolster the body’s defenses, particularly during times of stress or seasonal illness.
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is one of the most well-known and researched vitamins when it comes to supporting immune function. As a water-soluble antioxidant, it plays a critical role in both the innate and adaptive immune responses—our body’s first line of defense and targeted response to pathogens.
Vitamin C is a cornerstone nutrient in immune support, offering antioxidant defense, enhanced immune cell function, and protection of physical barriers against pathogens. While it may not prevent illness outright, adequate vitamin C levels are essential for a robust and balanced immune response.
Vitamin C helps neutralize free radicals and oxidative stress, which can impair immune cell function. During infections or periods of high inflammation, immune cells generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as part of their defense strategy. Vitamin C protects tissues from damage by these ROS, preserving the integrity and function of immune cells.
Vitamin C accumulates in high concentrations in various types of white blood cells, including:
Vitamin C enhances the mobility, function, and lifespan of these cells, making them more effective at fighting off invaders.
As a cofactor in collagen synthesis, vitamin C helps maintain the integrity of epithelial barriers, including the skin and mucous membranes. These barriers are the body’s physical defenses against pathogens entering through the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts.
Vitamin C helps regulate cytokine production—small signaling proteins involved in immune responses. By balancing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, vitamin C prevents excessive inflammation, which is a hallmark of many viral infections.
Vitamin C improves non-heme iron absorption, which supports overall energy and immune cell development, as iron is crucial for cell proliferation and immune responses.
Numerous studies support the role of vitamin C in immune health:
A meta-analysis of 29 clinical trials showed that regular vitamin C supplementation (≥200 mg/day) can reduce the duration and severity of colds, especially in individuals under physical stress (Hemilä & Chalker, 2013).
Higher intakes of vitamin C have also been linked to a lower risk of respiratory infections and improved outcomes in pneumonia and sepsis cases (Carr & Maggini, 2017).
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) plays a critical role in supporting immune system health by modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses. Unlike most vitamins, Vitamin D3 functions more like a hormone, with receptors found in nearly every immune cell in the body.
Vitamin D3 is essential for a well-functioning immune system. It supports pathogen defense, helps regulate inflammatory responses, and may reduce susceptibility to autoimmune diseases and infections. Maintaining sufficient levels through sunlight exposure, diet, or supplementation is important—especially in populations at risk of deficiency.
Martineau et al. (2017): A systematic review and meta-analysis published in BMJ found that Vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of acute respiratory infections, particularly in people with low baseline levels.
Aranow (2011): Reviewed the immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin D and concluded it may play a role in preventing or managing autoimmune diseases.
Sassi et al. (2018): Published in Frontiers in Immunology, this paper outlines the role of Vitamin D in regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Elderberry (Sambucus nigra), particularly the black elderberry variety, is a popular botanical used to support immune system health due to its rich profile of antioxidants, vitamins, and bioactive compounds. Traditionally used in folk medicine for treating colds and flu, modern research has begun to validate its potential role in enhancing immune defense.
Elderberry offers immune-supportive benefits primarily through its antiviral action, antioxidant content, and ability to enhance cytokine response. While more large-scale clinical trials are needed, existing evidence supports its use as a complementary approach for immune health, particularly during cold and flu season.
Zakay-Rones et al. (2004): Participants with influenza who took elderberry syrup (Sambucol) recovered on average 4 days faster than those taking a placebo.
Tiralongo et al. (2016): A study involving air travelers found that elderberry extract reduced cold duration and severity during long-haul flights.
Porter & Bode (2017): Review evidence suggests elderberry acts directly on viruses and may reduce upper respiratory symptoms by enhancing immune signaling.
Echinacea, commonly known as purple coneflower, is a well-known herbal remedy traditionally used to help prevent and shorten the duration of colds and respiratory infections. It contains a variety of active compounds—including alkamides, caffeic acid derivatives, polysaccharides, and flavonoids—that are believed to stimulate immune function and enhance the body’s natural defense mechanisms.
One of echinacea’s primary immune-supporting actions is its ability to modulate inflammatory responses and increase the activity of white blood cells like macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells, which play a crucial role in identifying and eliminating pathogens. Some studies suggest that echinacea may enhance the production of cytokines, key signaling proteins that regulate immune responses.
Clinical research on echinacea’s efficacy for immune support has shown mixed results, but many studies support its use for reducing the severity and duration of upper respiratory infections when taken at the onset of symptoms. Its immune-modulating effects make it a popular ingredient in cold and flu formulas, often paired with other immune-supportive compounds like zinc, vitamin C, or elderberry.
While echinacea is generally considered safe for short-term use, it may not be suitable for individuals with autoimmune conditions or those on immunosuppressive therapy without medical supervision.
Echinacea, particularly species like Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia, is a widely used botanical known for its potential to enhance immune function and help the body fend off infections. Traditionally used by Native American tribes and later popularized in Western herbal medicine, echinacea has gained recognition for its role in supporting upper respiratory health and modulating immune responses.
Echinacea contains a complex mix of active constituents, including:
Alkamides – shown to activate immune cells like macrophages
Caffeic acid derivatives – with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
Polysaccharides and glycoproteins – believed to stimulate phagocytosis and increase white blood cell count
These compounds work together to:
Enhance phagocytic activity of immune cells
Increase natural killer (NK) cell activity
Promote the release of cytokines, which coordinate immune responses
Reduce inflammation and oxidative stress that can compromise immunity
Echinacea is most effective when taken at the first signs of illness, especially for short-term immune support during cold and flu season. It’s commonly available in:
While generally safe for most people, echinacea should be used with caution in individuals with autoimmune diseases or allergies to plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae). It’s best used intermittently, rather than as a continuous daily supplement.
Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonoid found in a variety of fruits and vegetables, including apples, onions, berries, and leafy greens. It has gained significant attention for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating properties, which together contribute to enhanced immune system function.
Quercetin supports immune health through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. By strengthening immune cell function and reducing inflammation, quercetin may help the body defend against infections and maintain immune balance. It is particularly beneficial when used as part of a comprehensive immune support regimen that includes other nutrients like vitamin C and zinc.
Emerging studies suggest that quercetin may help reduce the severity and duration of viral infections when taken preventatively or at early onset.
N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) is a modified form of the amino acid cysteine and is best known as a precursor to glutathione, one of the body’s most powerful intracellular antioxidants. Its role in immune system health is primarily centered around its ability to reduce oxidative stress, support detoxification, and modulate inflammatory responses, which are all critical to maintaining robust immune function.
NAC is a multifunctional compound that supports immune system health by enhancing antioxidant defenses, reducing inflammation, improving respiratory function, and aiding in viral defense. It is especially useful for individuals under high oxidative stress, dealing with chronic illness, or seeking respiratory immune support during cold and flu seasons.
De Flora et al. (1997): In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, elderly subjects given NAC (600 mg twice daily) for 6 months showed a significantly reduced incidence of influenza-like symptoms and improved immune markers, despite being seropositive for the virus.
Geiler et al. (2010): Demonstrated NAC’s ability to inhibit influenza virus replication in vitro by modulating the cellular redox state and inflammatory pathways.
Beta-glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides found in the cell walls of certain fungi (like Saccharomyces cerevisiae), yeasts, oats, barley, and some medicinal mushrooms (such as Reishi, Maitake, and Shiitake). These compounds are well-recognized for their immune-modulating properties.
Beta-glucans are powerful natural immunomodulators that support immune system health by activating innate immune cells, enhancing pathogen clearance, and promoting resilience to infections. Their role in maintaining immune defense makes them a valuable addition to dietary supplement formulations, especially during periods of heightened immune stress.
Beta-glucans have also been studied for their potential adjunctive use in cancer therapies to improve immune surveillance and recovery following chemotherapy or radiation.
Propolis is a resin-like substance produced by bees from plant resins, used to seal and protect their hives. Rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids, phenolic acids, and esters, propolis extract has long been used in traditional medicine and is now recognized for its immune-supportive properties.
A 2021 meta-analysis in Phytotherapy Research concluded that propolis supplementation reduced the duration of common colds and improved symptoms such as sore throat and congestion.
A 2019 study in Journal of Ethnopharmacology showed propolis modulated cytokine production and enhanced macrophage activity in vitro.
A 2016 randomized clinical trial found that propolis mouthwash reduced oral microbial load and supported oral immune health in school-aged children.
Vitamin A plays a critical role in supporting the immune system by enhancing both innate and adaptive immunity. As a fat-soluble vitamin, it contributes to maintaining the integrity of epithelial tissues — the body’s first line of defense — such as the skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal lining. These barriers act as physical shields against pathogens, and Vitamin A helps keep them intact and functioning optimally.
On a cellular level, Vitamin A supports the immune system by regulating the production and activity of white blood cells, including lymphocytes and macrophages, which identify and destroy harmful pathogens. It is particularly essential for the development and function of T-cells, which are central to adaptive immunity.
Vitamin A also influences the production of immunoglobulins, particularly IgA, an antibody that plays a crucial role in mucosal immunity by neutralizing pathogens in the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Individuals with Vitamin A deficiency are more susceptible to infections, especially respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, and may experience impaired immune responses. In children, deficiency has been linked to increased severity of measles and higher mortality rates from infectious diseases.
Preformed Vitamin A (retinol): Found in animal products like liver, dairy, and fish.
Provitamin A carotenoids (e.g., beta-carotene): Found in plant-based foods like sweet potatoes, carrots, and leafy greens.
This is more than a daily vitamin—it’s a comprehensive immune fortifier in a single delicious delivery. By targeting antioxidant defense, barrier integrity, white blood cell function, and respiratory resilience, this gummy stack covers all your immune bases.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Zinc Citrate
Vitamin D3
Elderberry Extract (10:1)
Quercetin
NAC
Beta-Glucans
Echinacea Extract
Propolis Extract
Vitamin A (Beta Carotene)
250 mg
15 mg
25 mcg (1000 IU)
150 mg
250 mg
250 mg
150 mg
250 mg
100mg
750 mcg
Antioxidant & immune activation
Immune cell function
Innate & adaptive support
Viral support
Zinc ionophore, antihistamine
Glutathione & lung support
Immune activation
Cytokine modulation
Antimicrobial & barrier support
Mucosal health
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If an innovative Immune System Support Supplement Stack formulation is a good fit for your wellness brand, request a quote now to take the first step to making your vision a reality.
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FDA Disclaimer: Content published in our Nutraceutical Market Trends blog is for educational purposes and is not intended to represent medical advice. Our audience is B2B brand owners and customers who are interested in developing innovative nutraceutical products. Content that may indicate specific health claims for ingredients or delivery systems has not been evaluated by the FDA. Dietary supplement products manufactured by Green Star Labs, Inc. are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
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